Sowing

The best season for sowing alfalfa will depend upon such

conditions as relate to soil, moisture and climate. On rather stiff clay

soils, the other conditions being right, the most satisfactory results

are obtained from sowing the seed in the spring, and on land that has

been plowed in the autumn and exposed to the mellowing influences of

winter. But to this there may be some exceptions. On lands so light as

to lift with the wind, that season should be avoided in sowing, if

possible, when lifting winds prevail. Such winds are common in some

localities in the spring, and may uncover the seed in some places and

bury it too deeply in others.



Where moisture is deficient the seed must be sown at those times when it

is most plentiful. This may be in the autumn, but more commonly it is in

the quite early spring. In some of the mountain States the best results

have been obtained under semi-arid conditions from sowing the seed in

the late autumn, so that it would be ready for germination at the first

commencement of the period of growth in the spring. Under some

conditions the too dry character of the weather may preclude the sowing

of alfalfa in the summer and autumn months. Where moisture is plentiful

all the season of growth, alfalfa may be sown almost any time, except

the early spring or late autumn. Where irrigating waters are plentiful,

the only hindrances to sowing alfalfa at any season of the year are such

as may arise from climate. Far South in very mild areas it may be sown

almost any time.



Where the temperatures are low in winter, the best results are obtained

from sowing alfalfa in the spring and early summer, otherwise the plants

do not become sufficiently well established to withstand the rigors of

the winter following. Under some conditions, sufficiently satisfactory

results follow sowing in the early summer, even in Northern latitudes.

Where the winters are sufficiently mild and the moisture is sufficiently

plentiful, early autumn sowing, as in August or September, according to

the locality, is, all things considered, the most satisfactory, for the

reason, first, that it follows, or may follow, a crop grown the same

season; second, that the plants are less hindered in their growth by

weeds when they are young; and third, that they produce crops of soiling

food or hay the first season after sowing. Many weeds do not grow in

autumn and winter; hence, the less injury done by them to alfalfa

plants, since the latter are so strong by spring that they overshadow

the weeds in their effort to grow. When alfalfa is sown at such a time,

the growth of one year virtually is gained by the process.



North of parallel 40 deg., that is, north of the latitude of Columbus, Ohio,

and Denver, Colorado, speaking in a general way, alfalfa is more

commonly sown in the spring, but not usually so early as clover, lest

the young plants, which are more tender than clover plants, should be

nipped by spring frosts. This danger is frequently present in the region

of the upper Missouri. East of the Mississippi it may usually be

advisable to sow in the spring some distance south from the latitude

named. West from the same are areas where early autumn sowing is

frequently the best. In much of the Southern and Southwestern States,

early autumn sowing is considered better practice than spring sowing,

but to this there are exceptions. Under some conditions alternate

freezing and thawing of the land near the surface tend to throw out

young plants, as, for instance, those autumn sown, more readily than

plants from spring-sown seed.



Alfalfa is usually sown much the same as medium red clover (see page

75), but there are the following points of difference: 1. Since alfalfa

is more commonly sown in dry areas, it is more important, relatively,

that the seed shall be buried more uniformly and deeply in the soil in

such areas. 2. Since it is liable to be more injured, relatively, by a

nurse crop than the clovers, it is more frequently sown without one.

And 3. Since it is expected to furnish food for a much longer term of

years than any of the clovers, it is relatively more important that the

seed shall be sown with a view to seek a uniform and sufficient stand of

the plants.



Whether the seed is sown by hand, or by any of the hand machines in use,

the results will usually prove satisfactory, but in climates where

moisture is deficient, decidedly better results are obtained from sowing

the seed with some form of seed drill. A press drill is preferred in

soils so light and open as to dry out easily or to lift easily with the

wind. Under conditions of ample moisture, a light covering with a harrow

will suffice, but under conditions the opposite, more covering is

necessary. In areas where spring and early autumn showers are frequent,

the roller will provide a sufficient covering, especially where the

soils are well charged with a clay content. On other soils, as those

which cover much of the prairie, the seed should be buried from 1 to 2

inches deep.



Where alfalfa is much sown on soils well supplied with humus, and on the

soils which prevail in the Rocky Mountain region, many growers sow the

seed with the grain drill, and before sowing they first mix the seed

with some material, as earth, some kind of coarse meal, bran or other

substance to make it feed out more regularly. In some instances one-half

of the seed is sown the first time the drill is driven over the land,

and the balance is sown by driving again over the same at right angles

to the drill marks previously made. When thus sown, the plants are more

evenly distributed over the soil, and produce, it is thought, a more

uniform quality of stalk. This method meets, in part, at least, the

objection sometimes made to drill sowing, that it does not distribute

the plants sufficiently in the soil.



In the Northern and Atlantic States, also west of the Cascade Mountains,

and in some parts of the South, alfalfa is frequently sown with a nurse

crop, and under favorable conditions the results are usually

satisfactory, if the nurse crop is not sown too thickly. The best nurse

crops in the areas named are barley and winter rye, but oats will answer

also, if sown thinly and cut for hay. It has also been sown quite

successfully along with winter wheat in the spring and also with spring

wheat. When sown with winter wheat or winter rye, it is usually

advantageous to cover the seed well with the harrow. In many instances,

however, even in these areas, it is thought better to sow the seed

without a nurse crop, in order that the plants may have all the benefit

from moisture and sunlight which it is possible to give them. This is

specially desirable when the fear is present that they may succumb the

first winter to the severity of the weather. As weeds grow rapidly along

with the plants, the mower should be run over the field from one to

three times during the season. If the mowing is done at the proper time,

it will not be necessary to remove what has been cut off by the mower.

It may be allowed to lie as a mulch on the land. But should the growth

of weeds be excessive before the mowing is done, it would then be

necessary to remove them, in order to avoid smothering the plants. The

clipping back of the alfalfa plants is helpful, rather than hurtful.

When not thus clipped back the leaves frequently assume a yellowish tint

on the top of the plants, which gradually extends downward until the

greater portion of the leaves may be thus affected. Such condition

frequently betokens a lack of nitrogen, but it may also be induced by

other causes. When it does appear, the mower should at once be used and

also as often as it appears. As soon as mowed off the plants usually

stool out, sending up fresh shoots more numerously. They thus form a

crown, somewhat like the crown in clover plants. Root growth is also

strengthened, and the plants are thus made much stronger for going into

the winter. Each clipping during the season, of course, cuts down weeds

and prevents them from making seed. If not thus clipped, they would

frequently injure the crop more by shade and crowding than would a nurse

crop. The mulch thus made through clipping back the plants is in many

instances quite helpful to them, because of the check which it gives to

the escape of ground moisture. There is some difference in the view held

as to whether close clipping is preferable, but the balance of authority

is in favor of reasonably close clipping.



Alfalfa is usually sown alone, but in some instances it maybe

advantageous to sow more or less of some other kind or kinds of grass or

clover along with it. When grown for hay it is usually preferable to

sow the seed without admixture. But there may be instances in which

medium red or alsike clover may improve the crop the first year or two

that it is mown for hay. But where red clover grows much more vigorously

than alfalfa the first season, it should not be thus sown in any

considerable quantities, or the clover plants will injure the alfalfa

plants by crowding and overshading. Nevertheless, alfalfa may frequently

with profit form a considerable factor in clover grown as pasture.



Where the main purpose of sowing alfalfa is to provide pasture, various

grasses and clovers may be sown along with it, and in varying

quantities, according to the attendant conditions. The choice of the

variety or varieties to sow along with the alfalfa should be based on

the needs of the stock to be pastured, and on the degree of the vigor

with which these grow and maintain themselves in the locality. In the

Northern States and Eastern Canada timothy and Russian brome grass

(Bromus inermis) may be chosen. In areas with Southern Illinois as a

center, red top and timothy should be satisfactory. In the Southern

States, the claims of orchard grass and tall oat grass would probably be

paramount. In areas with Iowa as a center, nothing would be more

suitable, probably, than Russian brome grass. In the mountain States,

with Wyoming as a center, timothy and alsike clover would be suitable.

In the dry upland country in Washington and Oregon, Russian brome grass

or tall oat grass would answer the purpose. In many areas the plan of

sowing clover chiefly with the alfalfa is a good one, providing the

alfalfa is cut for a year or two, and is then grazed, as by that time

grasses indigenous to the locality, or which grow well in the same, come

in to such an extent as to form a very considerable proportion of the

pasture. Blue grass frequently behaves thus in the North, and crab grass

in the South.



The amounts of seed to sow will vary with the character of the soil and

climate, with the use that is to be made of the alfalfa, and with the

manner in which it is sown. On soils and in climates quite favorable to

the growth of alfalfa it is common to sow more seed than in those with

less adaptation, and with a view, probably, to check coarseness in the

growth of the stems. If sown thinly in such areas, the rank growth which

follows would be coarse. This explains why in the Western and mountain

States more seed is usually sown than in the Eastern and Northern

States. Averaging the whole country, 20 pounds of seed per acre is more

frequently mentioned as the proper amount to sow than any other

quantity. In the Northern States many growers sow 15 pounds per acre,

and judging by the yield obtained, this amount of seed has proved

satisfactory. Some growers even mention 10 to 12 pounds as satisfactory.

The amounts last named are certainly too small for average conditions.

Fifteen to 20 pounds may be fixed upon as the proper amounts to sow on

soil in good condition for speedy germination. But many growers claim

satisfactory results from sowing larger amounts of seed than those

named. Under semi-arid conditions, where irrigation cannot be given, a

moderate amount of seed will be more satisfactory than very thick

seeding, as when sown too thickly the plants would suffer more from want

of moisture than if sown more thinly. The aim should be to obtain a

stand that will cover the ground evenly and as thickly as will admit of

the vigorous growing of the plants. Because of the relatively long

duration of the period of the growth of alfalfa fields, it is specially

important that good stands shall be obtained at the first, and for the

further reason that the plants will then be better able to contend with

intruding weeds, the great bane of alfalfa meadows.



When alfalfa is grown mainly for seed, it should be more thinly sown

than when it is grown for hay or soiling food. It has been noticed that

when the plants stand thickly beyond a certain degree, they do not seed

well. Twelve to 16 pounds have been mentioned as quite enough to sow for

such production in the mountain States. Where both objects are

important, medium thick sowing would be the most suitable.



When sown in combinations such as have been named above, it will be

necessary to modify somewhat the amounts of alfalfa seed sown, according

to the proportion of the other seeds sown with the alfalfa. But since

many grasses are more aggressive than alfalfa, it is not necessary to

reduce the amount of alfalfa seed sown proportionately to the amounts of

the other seeds that may be sown along with it. In many instances it may

be proper not to reduce the amount of the alfalfa seed at all, as some

of these grasses will soon crowd the alfalfa plants, to their injury,

even though the usual amount of seed should be sown. The amount of the

grasses sown with the alfalfa will, of course, vary. It will seldom be

necessary in any instance to sow more than 6 or 7 pounds per acre, and

under many conditions not more than 5 pounds. When alfalfa is sown with

timothy and clover in temporary meadows or pastures, it is seldom

necessary to sow more than 3 to 5 pounds per acre, and the same is true

of it when sown in a permanent pasture. The crop is so little grown for

hay in mixtures, that it is scarcely necessary to dwell upon the nature

of these, or the respective amounts of seed to sow in making them.



When alfalfa is sown with the grain, there will be a saving of seed to

the extent of at least 20 per cent., as compared with broadcast sowing.

This arises from the more general sprouting of all the seeds, since they

are planted at a more uniform depth, and from the subsequent loss of a

smaller percentage of the plants through drought, and it may be other

causes. But when sowing broadcast, it will in many instances prove more

satisfactory to add 20 per cent. to the amounts mentioned above, as

suitable for being sown without admixture with other grasses and

clovers, rather than to deduct 20 per cent. from these amounts when

sowing the seed with the drill.